Polish contemporary visual artist, painter and conceptualist (7 September 1930, Kurów — 31 December 2008, Warsaw). Włodzimierz Borowski is widely regarded as one of the performance art pioneers in Poland. He studied art history at the Catholic University of Lublin (1952–55) and co-founded the "Zamek" art group, active between 1956 and 60. Borowski began creating his iconic "assemblages," called Artons, in the late 1950s — wall-hanging objects built of plastic, garbage and organic elements. They subsequently evolved into his Manilus series (1963) of assemblages made of mirrors. In 1966, Włodzimierz Borowski began Syncretic Shows, often cited among the earliest Polish "performance art" projects.